PAL

Ptolemaeus Arabus et Latinus

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Work A.3

Ptolemy
Planetary Hypotheses (Greek)

The Planetary Hypotheses (Greek: Ὑποθέσεις τῶν πλανωμένων, ‘Hypotheses of the Planets’; Arabic: Kitāb Iqtiṣāṣ aḥwāl al-kawākib, ‘Book of the Report of the States of the Planets’, and Kitāb al-Manshūrāt, ‘Book of Sawn-off Pieces’, among other titles) consists of two books providing a physical description of the universe, in particular of the planetary spheres, distances, sizes and motions. Only the first part of Book I survives in Greek (up to the sphere of Saturn = I.14 in Heiberg’s edition) and it is from this incomplete Greek version that the three sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Latin translations derive (A.3.1, A.3.2, A.3.3). The complete work survives in Arabic, in a ninth-century translation (A.3.1).

Bibl. M. Steinschneider, Die hebraeischen Uebersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als Dolmetscher. Ein Beitrag zur Literaturgeschichte des Mittelalters, Berlin, 1893, II, 538-539; J. L. Heiberg, Claudii Ptolemaei opera quae exstant omnia, II: Opera astronomica minora, Leipzig, 1907, vi-x and clxvi-clxxiv; W. Hartner, ‘Medieval Views on Cosmic Dimensions and Ptolemy’s Kitāb al-Manshūrāt’, in Mélanges Alexandre Koyré, I: L’aventure de la science, eds I. B. Cohen, R. Taton, Paris, 1964, 254-282 (reprinted in W. Hartner, Oriens-Occidens. Ausgewählte Schriften zur Wissenschafts- und Kulturgeschichte. Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag W. Hartner, Hildesheim, 1968, 319-348); B. R. Goldstein, ‘The Arabic Version of Ptolemy’s Planetary Hypotheses’, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society N. S. 57 (1967), 3-55; N. M. Swerdlow, Ptolemy’s Theory of the Distances and Sizes of the Planets: A Study of the Scientific Foundations of Medieval Cosmology, PhD dissertation, Yale University, 1968; O. Neugebauer, A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy, Berlin-New York, 1975, II, 900-926; F. Sezgin, Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums, VI: Astronomie, Leiden, 1978, 94-95 (no. II); N. W. Swerdlow, O. Neugebauer, Mathematical Astronomy in Copernicus’s De revolutionibus, New York, 1984, I, 40-41; E. Pérez Sedeño, Ptolomeo: Las Hipótesis de los Planetas, Madrid, 1987; A. Cano Ledesma, E. Pérez Sedeño, ‘«Las hipotesis de los planetas» de Claudio Ptolomeo y su recepcion entre los astronomas arabes’, Revista Brasileira de História da Ciência 10 (1993), 21-28; R. Morelon, ‘La version arabe du Livre des hypothèses de Ptolémée’, Mélanges de l’Institut Dominicain d’Etudes Orientales 21 (1993), 7-85; L. Taub, Ptolemy’s Universe. The Natural Philosophical and Ethical Foundations of Ptolemy’s Astronomy, Chicago, 1993, 105-125; A. Murschel, ‘The Structure and Function of Ptolemy’s Physical Hypotheses of Planetary Motion’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 26 (1995), 33-61; R. Morelon, ‘Le Livre des hypothèses de Claude Ptolémée et la lecture de cet auteur en langue arabe’, in Perspectives arabes et médiévales sur les traditions scientifique et philosophique grecque. Actes du colloque de la SIHSPAI (Société internationale d’histoire des sciences et de la philosophie arabes et islamiques), Paris, 31 mars – 3 avril 1993, eds A. Hasnawi, A. Elamrani-Jamal, M. Aouad, Paris, 1997, 95-104; J. Evans, ‘The Origins of Ptolemy’s Cosmos’, in Cosmology Through Time. Ancient and Modern Cosmologies in the Mediterranean Area, eds S. Colafrancesco, G. Giobbi, Milano, 2003, 123-132; N. W. Swerdlow, ‘Ptolemy’s Theories of the Latitudes of the Planets in the Almagest, Handy Tables, and Planetary Hypotheses’, in Wrong for the Right Reasons, eds J. Z. Buchwald, A. Franklin, Dordrecht-Berlin, 2005, 41-71; D. W. Duke, ‘Mean Motions in Ptolemy’s Planetary Hypotheses’, Archive for History of Exact Sciences 63 (2009), 635-654; O. Pedersen, A Survey of the Almagest. With Annotation and New Commentary by Alexander Jones, New York-Dordrecht, 2011 (first edition 1974), 391-397; E. A. Hamm, Ptolemy’s Planetary Theory: An English Translation of Book One, Part A of the Planetary Hypotheses with Introduction and Commentary, PhD dissertation, University of Toronto, 2011; C. Tolsa, Claudius Ptolemy and Self-Promotion. A Study on Ptolemy’s Intellectual Milieu in Roman Alexandria, PhD dissertation, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013, 222-232; S. Moureau, ‘Note on a Passage of the Arabic Translation of Ptolemy’s Planetary Hypotheses’, in The Alexandrian Tradition. Interactions between Science, Religion, and Literature, eds. L. A. Guichard, J. L. García-Alonso, M. P. De Hoz, Bern, 2014, 93-95; A. Tihon, ‘Alexandrian Astronomy in the 2nd Century AD: Ptolemy and His Times’, in The Alexandrian Tradition. Interactions between Science, Religion, and Literature, eds L. A. Guichard, J. L. García Alonso, M. Paz de Hoz, Bern-Berlin, 2014, 73-91: 76-79; F. Acerbi, ‘Byzantine Recensions of Greek Mathematical and Astronomical Texts: A Survey’, Estudios Bizantinos 4 (2016), 133-213: 172; E. A. Hamm, ‘Modeling the Heavens: Sphairopoiia and Ptolemy’s Planetary Hypotheses’, Perspectives on Science 24 (2016), 416-424; J. Feke, Ptolemy’s Philosophy. Mathematics as a Way of Life, Princeton-Oxford, 2018, 187-200 and passim; J. C. Evans, ‘The Ptolemaic Planetary Hypotheses’, in Hellenistic Astronomy. The Science in Its Contexts, eds A. C. Bowen, F. Rochberg, Leiden-Boston, 2020, 112-124; P. Hullmeine, ‘Was there a Ninth Sphere in Ptolemy?’, in Ptolemy’s Science of the Stars in the Middle Ages, eds D. Juste, B. van Dalen, D. N. Hasse, C. Burnett, Turnhout, 2020, 79-96; G. Loizelet, Mesurer et ordonner les astres d’al-Farghānī à al-Bīrūnī: la tradition arabe du Livre des Hypothèses de Ptolémée (IXe-XIe s.). Avec une édition et une traduction française du chapitre X.6 d’al-Qānūn al-Masʿūdī d’al-Bīrūnī, PhD dissertation, Université de Paris, 2021; P. Hullmeine, Ptolemy’s Cosmology in Greek and Arabic. The Background and Legacy of the Planetary Hypotheses, Turnhout, 2024.

Modern ed. The Greek original text, containing the first part of Book I only, was first published, together with a facing Latin translation, by John Bainbridge in 1620 (A.3.3). Critical edition by Heiberg, Claudii Ptolemaei opera, 70-107 (with facing German translation and followed, pp. 110-145, by a German translation from the Arabic of Book II by L. Nix). An earlier edition of the Greek text had been provided by N. Halma, Hypothèses et époques des planètes de C. Ptolémée, et Hypotyposes de Proclus Diadochus, Paris, 1820, 42-56 (with a French translation). Critical edition of the complete Arabic text, together with an English translation, by Hullmeine, Ptolemy's Cosmology, 222-351. Earlier editions of the Arabic text had been prepared by Goldstein, ‘The Arabic Version’ (facsimile of the full text, including the second part of Book I and Book II, together with an English translation of the second part of Book I), and by Morelon, ‘La version arabe’ (critical edition of Book I, with a French translation). The Greek text has been translated into English by Hamm, Ptolemy’s Planetary Theory, 44-64 (from Heiberg’s edition). The complete text has been translated into Spanish in Pérez Sedeño, Ptolomeo (from Greek, as far as extant, by J. García Blanco, and from Arabic, for the rest, by A. Cano Ledesma), but see G. J. Toomer’s review of this book in Isis 81 (1990), 757-758.