PAL

Ptolemaeus Arabus et Latinus

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Work B.3.1

Pseudo-Ptolemy
مقالة في ذوات الذوائب
Maqāla fī Dhawāt al-dhawāʾib

Alternative title: Dhikr dhawāt al-dhawāʾib min al-kawākib wa-dalāʾil ẓuhūri-hā wa-mā yaḥduthu fī l-ʿālam bi-ẓuhūri-hā (Tunis, BN, 8804).

A short astrological text on comets attested in various versions. It is always attributed to Ptolemy when transmitted as a stand-alone work, but ascriptions to unspecified Babylonian astrologers are occasionally found in the many sources that quote from it. These sources include Ibn Hibintā’s Kitāb al-Mughnī fī aḥkām al-nujūm, the Kitāb Gharāʾib al-funūn wa-mulaḥ al-ʿuyūn (‘Book of Curiosities’), the Kitāb al-Nayāzik attributed to Ḥunayn b. Isḥāq, Ibn Ghāzī l-Miknāsī’s ʿUmjat al-nuẓẓār ʿalā lujjat al-thayyār, ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad al-Maqdisī l-Ḥanbalī’s Tuḥfat al-albāb fī bayān ḥukm dhawāt al-adhnāb, and an astrological work by a certain Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm b. Idrīs b. Yaʿqūb al-Antākī (cf. Jean-Patrice Boudet, ‘Les comètes dans le Centiloquium et le De cometis du Pseudo-Ptolémée’, Micrologus 24 (2016), pp. 195–226, here p. 214, and Mohamed Reda Bekli, Ilhem Chadou and Djamil Aissani, ‘Théorie des comètes et observations inédites en occident musulman’, Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 29 (2019), pp. 87–107, here pp. 93–97). Ptolemy is also mentioned as the author of related texts in Hebrew (cf. Steinschneider), Latin (among others, Latin B.4), and in the European vernaculars (cf., e.g., Jill Fitzgerald, ‘A Middle English Treatise on Comets in Cambridge, Trinity College MS O.5.26’, ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews 21 (2008), pp. 11–22).

Content: The text is largely based on Hephaestio of Thebes (fl. 415), Apotelesmatica I.24.4–12, and its ascription to Ptolemy may have come about because the first part of Hephaestio’s text was lifted from Tetrabiblos II.10.3–4. All three surviving Arabic witnesses open with an introduction listing nine different types of comets, their colours, and the events announced by their apparition. This is followed by individual discussions of the comets which elaborate on their respective features and influence on earthly events. The manuscripts differ as follows: MS Paris, BnF, ar. 6688 describes only eight comets and includes an appendix on the rising of the Nile attributed to Ptolemy. MS Damascus, al-Asad, 9354 contains sketches of the shapes of the nine comets in the introduction and ends abruptly in the description of the second comet; this fragment was copied as a gloss on the chapter of comets in Ibn Hibintā’s Kitāb al-Mughnī fī aḥkām al-nujūm, which itself incorporates a partial version of Pseudo-Ptolemy’s treatise. MS Tunis, BN, 8804 has a largely different wording, describes all nine comets in a different order, and inserts, after the introduction, a set of predictions based on the appearance of a comet in each zodiacal sign.

Text: [Paris, BnF, ar. 6688]

[Introduction] (39v, 39r, 40r) قال الحكيم بطلميوس إنّ الكواكب ذوات العلى والذوائب تسعة وهي مأسورة تحت شعاع الشمس وهذه أسماؤها والله أعلم الخسة (كذا) السنود (كذا) طيقور (كذا) الفارس الحربة المصباح الفضّة الورد الأسود — تدلّ هذه الكواكب على الحروب والفتن والقتال والحريق والحوادث العظام ويعرف ذلك الشرّ إذا طلعوا من المشرق عند الصبح سريعًا وإن كان ذلك من المغرب كان بطيء الوقوع. [First comet] (40r) أمّا الفارس فمزاجه مزاج الزهرة وعظمه كعظم التر (كذا) وهو سريع السير له عرف يبرق وشعاعه إلى خلفه يجري في اثني عشر برجًا يدلّ على ما هو أعظم منها في الناحية التي فيها ذنبه. [Eighth comet] (40v–41r) وأمّا الكواكب الذي يسمّى لحسنة فإنّه إذا ظهر بناحية الشمال يدلّ على القحط وقلّة الأمطار — وإن لقي المرّيخ هيّج الحروب وكثرت الفتن والسلاح وإن لقي الذنب فسد الطعام فهذا جملة ما وجدناه من كلام بطلميوس والله أعلم. [Additional chapter] (41r–42r) قال الحكيم ووجدت في ورقة من هذه الأورق من كلام بطليموس وألحقتها في هذا المكان لتتمّة الكتاب وصحّته وهذا مثاله ومن تقدّمه من علماء اليونانيّين في هذه الكواكب — وقال الخوارزميّ إذا كان في يوم عاشر من مسرى تنظر إلى السماء فإن كانت كثيرة السحاب أو قليلته فهو بقدره انتهى من خزانة الأكمل من كتاب فيه من حكمة أسطوطاس وهذا ما جمعناه.

Bibl.: Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos (ed. HübnerWolfgang Hübner, Ἀποτελεσματικά, Stuttgart / Leipzig: Teubner, 1998, pp. 145–147; tr. RobbinsFrank E. Robbins, Ptolemy. Tetrabiblos, Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press / London: Heinemann, 1940, pp. 193–195); Hephaestio of Thebes, Apotelesmatica (ed. PingreeDavid Pingree, Hephaestion Thebanus. Apotelesmatica, 2 vols, Leipzig: Teubner, 1973–1974, vol. I, pp. 74–76; tr. SchmidtRobert Schmidt, Hephaistio of Thebes: Apotelesmatics Book I, Berkeley Springs: The Golden Hind Press, 1994{vol. I, pp. 59–60); Ibn Hibintā, Kitāb al-Mughnī fī aḥkām al-nujūm (facsimile ed.Fuat Sezgin, in collaboration with Mazen Amawi, Aladdin Jokhosha and Eckhard Neubauer, The Complete Book of Astrology. Al-Mughnī fī aḥkām al-nujūm by Ibn Hibintā. First Part: Reproduced from MS ʿāmm 9354, Ẓāhirīya Library, Damascus, Frankfurt am Main: Institut für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften, 1987, p. 357); Book of Curiosities (ed. Rapoport & Savage-SmithYossef Rapoport and Emilie Savage-Smith, An Eleventh-Century Egyptian Guide to the Universe. The Book of Curiosities, Leiden / Boston: Brill, 2014, text on Arabic pp. 70–77, translation on pp. 376a–379b); Ibn al-Nadīm, al-Fihrist (ed. FlügelGustav Flügel, Kitâb al-Fihrist, 2 vols, Leipzig: Vogel, 1871–1872, vol. I, p. 268:10; ed. SayyidAyman Fu’ād Sayyid, Kitāb al-Fihrist li-Abī l-Faraj Muḥammad bin Isḥāq al-Nadīm (allafa-hu sana 377 H), 4 vols, London: Al Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation, 2009, p. 215:19; tr. DodgeBayard Dodge, The Fihrist of al-Nadīm. A Tenth-Century Survey of Muslim Culture, 2 vols, New York / London: Columbia University Press, 1970, vol. I, p. 640:16–17 incorrectly translates the title Kitāb Dhawāt al-dhawāʾib as ‘The Qualities of Liquids’). — Moritz Steinschneider, Die hebraeischen Uebersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als Dolmetscher, Berlin: Kommisionsverlag des Bibliographischen Bureaus, 1893, p. 540; GAS VIIFuat Sezgin, Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums, Vol. VII: Astrologie – Meteorologie und Verwandtes bis ca. 430 H., Leiden: Brill, 1979, p. 312 (no. 7).

Ed.: An edition with translation and study of all versions is in preparation by Emanuele Rovati.

MSS