Work B.1.1
Pseudo-Ptolemy
كتاب الثمرة
Kitāb al-Thamara
Full title: Kitāb al-Thamara li-Baṭlamyūs al-ḥakīm tamām al-Kutub al-Arbaʿa allatī allafa-hā fī l-aḥkām li-Sūrus talmīdhi-hi. Alternative titles: Kitāb al-Thamara li-Baṭlamyūs al-malik al-ḥakīm ilā malik al-yūnāniyya Sūrā … wa-huwa miʾat kalima mulakhkhaṣa (MS Milan, Ambrosiana, A 29, MS Milan, Ambrosiana, C 86); Kitāb al-Thamara fī l-aḥkām (C.3.5); Ṣad kalima-yi Baṭlamyūs; Kitāb al-Thamara al-musammā bi-l-rūmiyya ā-n-ṭ-r r-m-ṭ-ā (or the like) wa-maʿnā-hu l-miʾa al-kalima (Greek colophon, corruption of ἑκατὸν ῥήματα); Kitāb al-Thamara li-Baṭlamyūs tartīb al-faqīh/al-ustādh Abī l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Yūsuf al-Kammād (Ibn al-Kammād’s version).
The Arabic version of the most widespread pseudepigraph attributed to Ptolemy (B.1). The Thamara circulated as a separate work but also together with various commentaries in which the verba are quoted in full and commented upon individually, the most prominent ones being those by Abū Jaʿfar (C.3.1) and al-Ṭūsī (Persian commentary on the Arabic verba in C.3.4, Arabic translation in C.3.5).
Content: The Thamara’s content is virtually identical in all extant Arabic manuscripts, although Pseudo-Ptolemy’s introduction is sometimes omitted and the verba are organised in various ways. The original collection contained 100 verba, but none of the surviving manuscripts appear to be based exclusively on this version. The vast majority of the manuscripts split verbum 1 into three parts and designate the second and third part as new verba, thus shifting the numbering by 2 for a total of 102 verba. This peculiar 102-verbum version originated in a manuscript of Abū Jaʿfar’s commentary (C.3.1) and was used as the base text in the commentaries of al-Iṣbahānī (C.3.2) and al-Ṭūsī (C.3.4).
Another Thamara version is attributed to the Andalusian astronomer Abū l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Yūsuf b. al-Kammād (fl. 510/1116-7) and sorts the 100 verba of the original version in eight thematic chapters (listed in Martorello & Bezza, pp. 36–38). It is found in two manuscripts containing only the Thamara itself (Cairo, Dār al-kutub, riyāḍa Taymūr 141, and Tunis, Waṭaniyya, 11933), in two manuscripts that include Abū Jaʿfar’s commentary (Escorial, RBMSL, ár. 918, and Uppsala, UB, O Nova 550, pp. 208–304), as well as in the unique manuscript Florence, BML, Or. 94 of the anonymous commentary on the Thamara composed c. 1224, most probably in al-Andalus (C.3.3). The verbum numbering in Ibn al-Kammād’s version starts from 1 in each chapter, but the Escorial manuscript and the anonymous commentary also provide the numbering according to the 100-verbum version. While the two manuscripts without the commentary assign the reworking to Ibn al-Kammād in their title, and the anonymous commentary references a Thamara manuscript by ‘al-Kammād’ (sic, f. 75v:17), the two manuscripts with Abū Jaʿfar’s commentary never mention him explicitly. These, however, include a preface that can be attributed to Ibn al-Kammād since it explains, after praising Ptolemy and Abū Jaʿfar, why a verbum order different from theirs was devised and followed. Hence, it is very well possible that Ibn al-Kammād’s version originally included the commentary, and that the text of the Cairo and Tunis manuscripts was extracted from a witness with the commentary.
Finally, four witnesses of the base text contain 100 verba in the standard order. However, there are reasons to assume that none of these is exclusively based on the original 100-verbum version. MS Escorial, RBMSL, ár. 1829 displays several readings typical for Ibn al-Kammād’s version and was written by a scribe who also copied part of the above-mentioned anonymous Andalusian commentary on the Thamara based on Ibn al-Kammād (see Florence, BML, Or. 94). In MS Tehran, Sipahsālār, 612 and MS Uppsala, UB, O Nova 550, pp. 187–207, the second of verbum 1’s three parts is missing, thus suggesting that these manuscripts derive from the 102-verbum version in which verbum 1 was split into three. MS Zagreb, Akademija, Or. 999 does not number the verba and does not always mark the beginning of a new verbum; the occurrence of verbum 1 as a unit suggests its dependence on a 100-verbum version, but its order of verba 95–97 is typical for al-Ṭūsī’s commentary (C.3.4), which has 102 verba and is quoted in the same manuscript.
As this overview shows, it is possible that all surviving manuscripts of the Thamara without the commentary derive, directly or indirectly, from the versions with the commentary.
Text: [Tehran, Malik, 5924]
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Bibl.: Ibn al-Nadīm, al-Fihrist (ed. FlügelGustav Flügel, Kitâb al-Fihrist, 2 vols, Leipzig: Vogel, 1871–1872, vol. I, p. 268:11–12; ed. SayyidAyman Fu’ād Sayyid, Kitāb al-Fihrist li-Abī l-Faraj Muḥammad bin Isḥāq al-Nadīm (allafa-hu sana 377 H), 4 vols, London: Al Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation, 2009, vol. III, p. 216:2; tr. DodgeBayard Dodge, The Fihrist of al-Nadīm. A Tenth-Century Survey of Muslim Culture, 2 vols, New York / London: Columbia University Press, 1970, vol. I, p. 640); Hājjī Khalīfa, Kashf al-ẓunūn (ed. FlügelGustav Flügel, Kashf al-ẓunūn ʿan asāmī al-kutub wa-l-funūn. Lexicon bibliographicum et encyclopaedicum a Mustafa ben Abdallah Katib Jelebi dicto et nomine Haji Khalifa celebrato compositum, 7 vols, Leipzig: Bentley / London: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland, 1835–1858, vol. II, p. 496:3–10; ed. YaltkayaŞerefettin Yaltkaya and Kilisli Rifat Bilge, Kashf al-ẓunūn ʿan asāmī l-kutub wa-l-funūn li-... Ḥajji Khalīfa ..., 2 vols, Istanbul: Maarif Matbaası, 1941–1943, vol. I, cols 524–525). — Moritz Steinschneider, Die hebraeischen Uebersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als Dolmetscher, Berlin: Kommisionsverlag des Bibliographischen Bureaus, 1893, pp. 527–531; UllmannManfred Ullmann, Die Natur- und Geheimwissenschaften im Islam, Leiden: Brill, 1972, pp. 327–328; Richard Lemay, ‘Origin and Success of the Kitāb Thamara of Abū Jaʿfar Aḥmad ibn Yūsuf ibn Ibrāhīm from the Tenth to the Seventeenth Century in the World of Islam and the Latin West’, in Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, Ghada Karmi and Nizar Namnum (eds), Proceedings of the First International Symposium for the History of Arabic Science (Aleppo, April 5-12, 1976), Aleppo: Institute for the History of Arabic Science, 1978, vol. II, pp. 91–107; GAS VIIFuat Sezgin, Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums, Vol. VII: Astrologie – Meteorologie und Verwandtes bis ca. 430 H., Leiden: Brill, 1979, pp. 42 and 44–46 (Sezgin incorrectly states that the Arabic version was translated from the surviving Greek text; cf. David Pingree, review of GAS VIIFuat Sezgin, Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums, Vol. VII: Astrologie – Meteorologie und Verwandtes bis ca. 430 H., Leiden: Brill, 1979, Journal of the American Oriental Society 102 (1982), pp. 559–561, here p. 560a); Richard Lemay, Le Kitāb aṯ-Ṯamara (Liber fructus, Centiloquium) d’Abū Jaʿfar Aḥmad ibn Yūsuf [Ps.-Ptolémée], 1999 [unpublished]; Jalīl Akhawān Zanjānī, Šarḥ-e Samare-ye Baṭlamyus. Xwāje Naṣir al-Din Ṭusi (597-672 L.H.), Tehran: Āyene-ye Mirās, 1999; Franco Martorello and Giuseppe Bezza, Aḥmad ibn Yūsuf ibn al-Dāya. Commento al Centiloquio Tolemaico, Milano / Udine: Mimesis, 2013.
Ed.: Critical edition in Lemay, Le Kitāb (unpublished), as part of the edition of Abū Jaʿfar’s commentary (C.3.1), from three manuscripts. Critical edition (from eight manuscripts) with Italian translation by Franco Martorello in Martorello & Bezza, as part of the edition of Abū Jaʿfar’s commentary. Edition from MS Leiden, UB, Or. 96 (with selected readings from other manuscripts) in Zanjānī, as part of the edition of al-Ṭūsī’s Arabic-Persian commentary (C.3.4); the verba are also printed separately in an appendix, with additional readings from MS Tehran, Malik, 5924.
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