Work A.1
Ptolemy
Almagest (Greek)
The Almagest (Greek: Μαθηματικὴ σύνταξις, ‘Mathematical Composition’; Arabic: al-Majisṭī, ‘The Greatest’) is generally considered the culmination of Greek astronomy and the single most important astronomical work until Copernicus’s De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543). It provides comprehensive mathematical models explaining all celestial movements in a geocentric universe and offers all the necessary data to calculate the positions of the seven planets for any time, past, present and future. The Almagest comprises 13 books dealing respectively with cosmology and trigonometry (Book I), spherical astronomy (II), the Sun (III), the Moon (IV-V), eclipses (VI), the fixed stars (VII-VIII), Mercury (IX), Venus and Mars (X), Jupiter and Saturn (XI), retrogradation (XII) and planetary latitudes (XIII).
Bibl.
General: J.-B.-J. Delambre, Histoire de l’astronomie ancienne, Paris, 1817, II, 67-410; F. Boll, ‘Studien über Claudius Ptolemäus. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der griechischen Philosophie und Astrologie’, Jahrbücher für Classische Philologie, Suppl. 21 (1894), 49-244: 66-76; O. Neugebauer, A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy, Berlin-New York, 1975, I, 21-261, and II, 836-838; R. R. Newton, The Crime of Claudius Ptolemy, Baltimore, 1977; N. M. Swerdlow, ‘Ptolemy on Trial’, The American Scholar 48 (1979), 523-531; O. Gingerich, ‘Was Ptolemy a Fraud?’, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 21 (1980), 253-266; R. R. Newton, The Origins of Ptolemy’s Astronomical Parameters, Baltimore, 1982; N. W. Swerdlow, O. Neugebauer, Mathematical Astronomy in Copernicus’s De revolutionibus, New York, 1984, I, 33-41; C. Wilson, ‘The Sources of Ptolemy’s Parameters’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 15 (1984), 37-47; R. R. Newton, The Origins of Ptolemy’s Astronomical Tables, Baltimore, 1985; J. P. Britton, Models and Precision. The Quality of Ptolemy’s Observations and Parameters, New York, 1992; J. Evans, ‘Ptolemy Indicted Again’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 24 (1993), 145-147; L. Taub, Ptolemy’s Universe. The Natural Philosophical and Ethical Foundations of Ptolemy’s Astronomy, Chicago, 1993; G. Van Brummelen, Mathematical Tables in Ptolemy’s Almagest, PhD dissertation, Simon Fraser University, 1993; B. R. Goldstein, ‘Saving the Phenomena: The Background to Ptolemy’s Planetary Theory’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 28 (1997), 1-12; J. Evans, ‘The Origins of Ptolemy’s Cosmos’, in Cosmology Through Time. Ancient and Modern Cosmologies in the Mediterranean Area, eds S. Colafrancesco, G. Giobbi, Milano, 2003, 123-132; A. Jones, ‘Ptolemy’s Mathematical Models and Their Meaning’, in Mathematics and the Historian’s Craft: The Kenneth O. May Lectures, eds M. Kinyon, G. van Brummelen, New York, 2005, 23-42; B. R. Goldstein, ‘What’s New in Ptolemy’s Almagest?’, Nuncius 22 (2007), 261-285; R. Fitzpatrick, A Modern Almagest. An Updated Version of Ptolemy’s Model of the Solar System, The University of Texas at Austin, 2010 [published online]; O. Pedersen, A Survey of the Almagest. With Annotation and New Commentary by Alexander Jones, New York-Dordrecht, 2011 (first edition 1974); G. Aujac, Claude Ptolémée: Astronome, astrologue, géographe, Paris, 2012, third edition (first edition 1993), 23-67; A. Tihon, ‘Alexandrian Astronomy in the 2nd Century AD: Ptolemy and His Times’, in The Alexandrian Tradition. Interactions between Science, Religion, and Literature, eds L. A. Guichard, J. L. García Alonso, M. Paz de Hoz, Bern-Berlin, 2014, 73-91: 73-74; J. Feke, Ptolemy’s Philosophy. Mathematics as a Way of Life, Princeton-Oxford, 2018. Specific: J. G. Ottema, ‘Goniometrie, trigonometrie en koorden-tafel, volgens Claudius Ptolemaeus, uit het Grieks medegedeeld’, in Nieuwe Wis- en Natuurkundige Verhandelingen van het Genootschap, te Amsterdam, ter spreuke voerende Een onvermoeide arbied komt alles te boven, I.1: Verhandelingen, Amsterdam, 1844, 235-266; P. Kempf, Untersuchungen über die Ptolemäische Theorie der Mondbewegung, Berlin, 1878; G. W. Hill, ‘Ptolemy’s Problem’, Astronomical Journal 21 (1900), 33-35; J. K. Fotheringham, G. Longbottom, ‘The Secular Acceleration of the Moon’s Mean Motion as Determined from the Occultations in the Almagest’, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 75 (1915), 377-395; C. J. Schumacher, Untersuchungen über die ptolemäische Theorie der unteren Planeten, Münster, 1917; A. Rome, ‘Le problème de l’équation du temps chez Ptolémée’, Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles 59 (1939), 211-224; L. O. Kattsoff, ‘Ptolemy and Scientific Method: A Note on the History of an Idea’, Isis 38 (1947), 18-22; A. Rome, ‘La prosneuse des éclipses dans l’astronomie ptolémaïque. Note preliminaire’, L’Antiquité Classique 17 (1948), 509-518; B. L. van der Waerden, ‘Drei umstrittene Mondfinsternisse bei Ptolemaios’, Museum Helveticum 15 (1958), 106-109; A. Czwalina, ‘Ptolemaeus, die Bahnen der Planeten Venus und Merkur’, Centaurus 6 (1959), 1-35; V. Petersen, O. Schmidt, ‘The Determination of the Longitude of the Apogee of the Orbit of of the Sun According to Hipparchus and Ptolemy’, Centaurus 12 (1967), 73-96; W. Petri, ‘Zum ersten Buch des Almagest’, Rechenpfennige. Aufsätze zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte. Kurt Vogel zum 80. Geburtstag am 30. September 1968, München, 1968, 43-55; N. M. Swerdlow, Ptolemy’s Theory of the Distances and Sizes of the Planets: A Study of the Scientific Foundations of Medieval Cosmology, PhD dissertation, Yale University, 1968; J. P. Britton, ‘Ptolemy’s Determination of the Obliquity of the Ecliptic’, Centaurus 14 (1969), 29-41; V. M. Petersen, ‘The Three Lunar Models of Ptolemy’, Centaurus 14 (1969), 142-171; I. Dąmbska, ‘La théorie de la science dans les oeuvres de Claude Ptolémée’, Organon 8 (1971), 109-122: 112-117; W. Hartner, ‘Ptolemy, Azarquiel, Ibn al-Shāṭir, and Copernicus on Mercury. A Study of Parameters’, Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Sciences 24 (1974), 5-25; W. Hartner, ‘Ptolemy’s and Copernicus’ Mercury Models. An Accuracy Test’, Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Sciences 24 (1974), 367-369 ; O. Pedersen, ‘Logistics and the Theory of Functions: An essay in the history of Greek mathematics’, Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Sciences 24 (1974), 29-50; R. R. Newton, ‘The Authenticity of Ptolemy’s Eclipse and Star Data’, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 15 (1974), 107-121; H. L. Mead, ‘The Methodology of Ptolemaic Astronomy: An Aristotelian View’, Laval Théologique et Philosophique 31 (1975), 55-74; E. Glowatzki, H. Göttsche, Die Sehnentafel des Klaudios Ptolemaios. Nach den historischen Formelplänen neu berechnet, München, 1976; K. Okruhlik, ‘The Interplay Between Theory and Observation in the Solar Model of Hipparchus and Ptolemy’, Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association (1978), 73-82; R. C. Riddell, ‘The Latitudes of Venus and Mercury in the Almagest’, Archive for History of Exact Sciences 19 (1978), 95-111; W. Hartner, ‘Ptolemy and Ibn Yūnus on Solar Parallax’, Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Sciences 30 (1980), 5-26; G. J. Toomer, ‘Hipparchus’ Empirical Basis for His Lunar Mean Motions: A Historical Footnote to Olaf Pedersen, A Survey of the Almagest, 161-4’, Centaurus 24 (1980), 97-109; B. R. Goldstein, ‘Problems Raised by Ptolemy’s Lunar Tables’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 13 (1982), 195-205; R. R. Newton, ‘The Authenticity of Ptolemy’s Star Data – II’, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 24 (1983), 27-35; J. Evans, ‘Fonction et origine probable du point équant de Ptolémée’, Revue d’Histoire des Sciences 37 (1984), 193-213; J. Evans, ‘On the Function and the Probable Origin of Ptolemy’s Equant’, American Journal of Physics 52 (1984), 1080-1089; C. M. Taisbak, ‘Eleven Eighty-Thirds. Ptolemy’s Reference to Eratosthenes in Almagest 1.12’, Centaurus 27 (1984), 165-172; K. P. Moesgaard, ‘In Chase of an Origin for the Mean Planetary Motions in Ptolemy’s Almagest’, in From Ancient Omens to Statistical Mechanics. Essays on the Exact Sciences Presented to Asger Aaboe, eds J. L. Bergrenn, B. R. Goldstein, Copenhagen, 1987, 43-54; O. Pedersen, ‘The Almagest in Translation’ [Essay Review of G. J. Toomer, Ptolemy’s Almagest, London 1984], Journal for the History of Astronomy 18 (1987), 59-63;D. Rawlins, ‘Ancient Heliocentrists, Ptolemy, and the Equant’, American Journal of Physics 55 (1987), 235-239; L. Taub, Philosophy and Physics in Book One of the Mathematical Syntaxis: An Examination of the “Aristotelianism” of Ptolemy, PhD dissertation, University of Oklahoma, 1987; N. M. Swerdlow, ‘Ptolemy’s Theory of the Inferior Planets’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 20 (1989), 30-59; P. Kunitzsch, ‘Die Überlieferung des Almagest, griechisch-arabisch-lateinisch’, in Lingua restituta Orientalis. Festgabe für Julius Assfalg, ed. M. Görg, Wiesbaden, 1990, 203-210: 204-205; G. Van Brummelen, ‘The Computation of the Chord Table in Ptolemy’s Almagest’, Proceedings of the Canadian Society for the History and Philosophy of Mathematics, 7th Annual meeting, Kingston (Ontario), May 1991, IV, 285-295; G. Van Brummelen, ‘A Survey of Mathematical Tables in Ptolemy’s Almagest’, in Ad Radices. Festband zum fünfzigjährigen Bestehen des Instituts für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, ed. A. von Gotstedter, Stuttgart, 1994, 155-170; G. Van Brummelen, ‘Lunar and Planetary Interpolation Tables in Ptolemy’s Almagest’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 25 (1994), 297-311; B. van Dalen, ‘On Ptolemy’s Table for the Equation of Time’, Centaurus 37 (1994), 97-153 (reprinted in B. van Dalen, Islamic Astronomical Tables. Mathematical Analysis and Historical Investigation, Farnham-Burlington, 2013, II); C. Mínguez, ‘El prefacio al Almagesto de Ptolomeo’, Thema: Revista de Filosofía 14 (1995), 17-35; M. T. Riley, ‘Ptolemy’s Use of His Predecessors’ Data’, Transactions of the American Philological Association 125 (1995), 221-250: 236-242; H. Thurston, ‘Three Solar Longitudes in the Almagest Due to Hipparchus’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 26 (1995), 164; P. Del Santo, G. Strano, ‘Observational Evidence and the Evolution of Ptolemy’s Lunar Model’, Nuncius 11 (1996), 93-122; J. Nevalainen, ‘The Accuracy of the Ecliptic Longitude in Ptolemy’s Mercury Model’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 27 (1996), 147-160; D. MacMinn, ‘An Analysis of Ptolemy’s Treatment of Retrograde Motion’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 29 (1998), 257-270; Y. Maeyama, ‘Determination of the Sun’s Orbit: Hipparchus, Ptolemy, al-Battānī, Copernicus, Tycho Brahe’, Archive for History of Exact Sciences 53 (1998), 1-49; D. Savoie, ‘Ptolémée et la ‘variation’ de la Lune’, Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Sciences 48 (1998), 3-10; G. Van Brummelen, ‘Computer Animations of Ptolemy’s Models of the Motions of the Sun, Moon and Planets’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 29 (1998), 271-274; B. Goldstein, A. C. Bowen, ‘The Role of Observations in Ptolemy’s Lunar Theories’, in Ancient Astronomy and Celestial Divination, ed. N. M. Swerdlow, Cambridge (Mass.)-London, 1999, 341-356; A. Jones, ‘A Likely Source of an Observation Report in Ptolemy’s Almagest’, Archive for History of Exact Sciences 54 (1999), 255-258; J. M. Steele, ‘A Re-analysis of the Eclipse Observations in Ptolemy’s Almagest’, Centaurus 42 (2000), 89-108; O. Gingerich, ‘The Trouble with Ptolemy’, Isis 93 (2002), 70-74; H. Thurston, ‘Greek Mathematical Astronomy Reconsidered’, Isis 93 (2002), 58-69; H. Thurston, ‘Ptolemy and the Arc between the Tropics’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 34 (2003), 231-232; B. R. Goldstein, J. Chabás, ‘Ptolemy, Bianchini, and Copernicus: Tables for Planetary Latitudes’, Archive for History of Exact Sciences 58 (2004), 453-473; A. Jones, ‘An ‘Almagest’ Before Ptolemy’s?’, in Studies in the History of the Exact Sciences in Honour of David Pingree, eds C. Burnett, J. P. Hogendijk, K. Plofker, M. Yano, Leiden-Boston, 2004, 129-136; N. Sidoli, Ptolemy’s Mathematical Approach: Applied Mathematics in the Second Century, PhD dissertation, University of Toronto, 2004; N. M. Swerdlow, ‘The Empirical Foundations of Ptolemy’s Planetary Theory’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 35 (2004), 249-271; C. C. Carman, ‘Rounding Numbers: Ptolemy’s Calculation of the Earth-Sun Distance’, Archive for History of Exact Sciences 63 (2005), 205-242; D. W. Duke, ‘Ptolemy’s Treatment of the Outer Planets’, Archive for History of Exact Sciences 59 (2005), 169-187; A. Jones, D. W. Duke, ‘Ptolemy’s Planetary Mean Motions Revisited’, Centaurus 47 (2005), 226-235; R. T. Macfarlane, P. S. Mills, ‘Bright and Conspicuous Stars in Ptolemy and Hipparchus: on the Mistranslation of ἐκφανής’, Centaurus 47 (2005), 178-180; N. W. Swerdlow, ‘Ptolemy’s Theories of the Latitudes of the Planets in the Almagest, Handy Tables, and Planetary Hypotheses, in Wrong for the Right Reasons, eds J. Z. Buchwald, A. Franklin, Dordrecht-Berlin, 2005, 41-71; A. Jones, ‘Ptolemy’s Ancient Planetary Observations’, Annals of Science 63 (2006), 255-290; A. C. Bowen, ‘The Demarcation of Physical Theory and Astronomy by Geminus and Ptolemy’, Perspectives on Science 15 (2007), 327-358; D. W. Duke, ‘A Year Length Hidden in Ancient Planetary Mean Motions’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 40 (2009) 213-216; C. C. Carman, ‘La Refutabilidad del Sistema de Epiciclos y Deferentes de Ptolomeo’, Principia 14 (2010), 211-239; J. Feke, ‘Meta-mathematical Rhetoric: Hero and Ptolemy against the Philosophers’, Historia Mathematica 41 (2014), 261-276; N. Sidoli, ‘Mathematical Tables in Ptolemy’s Almagest’, Historia Mathematica 41 (2014), 13-37; C. Tolsa, ‘The ‘Ptolemy’ Epigram: A Scholion on the Preface of the Syntaxis’, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 54 (2014), 687-697; A. Jones, ‘Theon of Smyrna and Ptolemy on Celestial Modelling in Two and Three Dimensions’, in Mathematizing Space. The Objects of Geometry from Antiquity to the Early Modern Age, ed. V. De Risi, Cham, 2015, 75-103; A. Jones, ‘Interpolated Observations and Historical Observational Records in Ptolemy’s Astronomy’, in The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, Leiden-Boston, 2016, 316-349; P. D. Omodeo, I. Tupikova, ‘Cosmology and Epistemology: A Comparison between Aristotle’s and Ptolemy’s Approaches to Geocentrism’, in Spatial Thinking and External Representation. Towards a Historical Epistemology of Space, ed. M. Schemmel, Berlin, 2016, 145-174; L. V. Morrison, C. Y. Hohenkerk, F. R. Stephenson, ‘The Almagest Greek and Roman Occultations Re-Visited’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 48 (2017), 405-416; J. L. Zainaldin, ‘The Philosophical Justification for the Equant in Ptolemy’s Almagest’, Phronesis 62 (2017), 417-442; A. Szapiro, ‘Assumptions behind Ptolemy’s Proof of the Earth’s Centrality’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 49 (2018), 196-215; A. Tihon, ‘Le diagrame des horizons et les prosneuses des éclipses dans l’astronomie de Ptolémée’, Almagest 9 (2018), 60-87; C. C. Carman, ‘A Possible Date for Ptolemy’s Development of a Model for the Second Lunar Anomaly’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 50 (2019), 398-410; J. Chabás, Computational Astronomy in the Middle Ages: Sets of Astronomical Tables in Latin, Madrid, 2019, 21-32; D. W. Duke, ‘Ptolemy’s Instruments’, in Hellenistic Astronomy. The Science in Its Contexts, eds A. C. Bowen, F. Rochberg, Leiden-Boston, 2020, 246-258; J. C. Evans, ‘The Ptolemaic Planetary Hypotheses’, in Hellenistic Astronomy. The Science in Its Contexts, eds A. C. Bowen, F. Rochberg, Leiden-Boston, 2020, 112-124; A. Jones, ‘Limits of Observation and Pseudoempirical Arguments in Ptolemy’s Harmonics and Almagest’, in Instruments – Observations – Theories. Studies in the History of Astronomy in Honor of James Evans, eds A. Jones, C. Carman, 2020, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3928498, 147-175; N. M. Swerdlow, ‘A Curiosity: Did Ptolemy See Uranus?’, in Instruments – Observations – Theories. Studies in the History of Astronomy in Honor of James Evans, eds A. Jones, C. Carman, 2020, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3928498, 143-146; C. C. Carman, ‘The Gravitational Influence of Jupiter on the Ptolemaic Value for the Eccentricity of Saturn’, Archive for History of Exact Sciences 75 (2021), 439-454; G. L. Recio, ‘On the Use of Tables as Heuristic Tools in Ptolemaic Astronomy’, Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Sciences 71 (2021), 102-128. Star Catalogue: F. Boll, ‘Die Sternkataloge des Hipparch und des Ptolemaios’, Bibliotheca Mathematica 2 (1901), 185-195; C. H. F. Peters, E. B. Knobel, Ptolemy’s Catalogue of Stars. A Revision of the Almagest, Washington, 1915; J. L. E. Dreyer, ‘On the Origin of Ptolemy’s Catalogue of Stars’, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 77 (1917), 528-539; J. L. E. Dreyer, ‘On the Origin of Ptolemy’s Catalogue of Stars: Second Paper’, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 78 (1918), 343-349; H. Vogt, ‘Versuch einer Wiederherstellung von Hipparchs Fixsternverzeichnis’, Astronomische Nachrichten 224 (1925), 17-54; O. J. Tallgren, ‘Survivance arabo-romane du Catalogue d’étoiles de Ptolémée. Etudes philologiques sur différents manuscrits’, Studia Orientalia (1928), 202-283; A. Pannekoek, ‘Ptolemy’s Precession’, Vistas in Astronomy 1 (1955), 60-66; A. Czwalina, ‘Über einige Beobachtungsfehler des Ptolemäus und die Deutung ihrer Ursachen’, Centaurus 5 (1958), 283-306; Y. Maeyama, ‘Ancient Stellar Observations: Timocharis, Aristyllus, Hipparchus, Ptolemy: The Dates and Accuracies’, Centaurus 27 (1984), 280-310; J. Evans, ‘On the Origin of the Ptolemaic Star Catalogue’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 18 (1987), 155-172 and 233-278; J. Samsό, F. Castellό, ‘An Hypothesis on the Epoch of Ptolemy’s Star Catalogue According to the Authors of the Alfonsine Tables’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 19 (1988), 115-120; A. T. Fomenko, V. V. Kalashnikov, G. V. Nosovsky, ‘When Was Ptolemy’s Star Catalogue in Almagest Compiled in Reality? Statistical Analysis’, Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 17 (1989), 203-229; G. Graßhoff, The History of Ptolemy’s Star Catalogue, New York, 1990; M. Y. Shevchenko, ‘An Analysis of Errors in the Star Catalogues of Ptolemy and Ulugh Beg’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 21 (1990), 187-201; J. Włodarczyk, ‘Notes on the Compilation of Ptolemy’s Catalogue of Stars’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 21 (1990), 283-295; N. M. Swerdlow, ‘The Enigma of Ptolemy’s Catalogue of Stars’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 23 (1992), 173-183; A. T. Fomenko, V. V. Kalashnikov, G. V. Nosovsky, Geometrical and Statistical Methods of Analysis of Star Configurations. Dating Ptolemy’s Almagest, Boca Raton, 1993; W. Schlosser, B. Hoffmann, ‘Ptolemy’s Milky Way and the Modern Surface Photometries in the Visual Spectral Range’, in Science in Western and Eastern Civilization in Carolingian Times, eds P. L. Butzer, D. Lohrmann, Basel-Boston, 1993, 221-228; A. K. Dambis, Y. N. Efremov, ‘Dating Ptolemy’s Star Catalogue Through Proper Motions: The Hipparchan Epoch’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 31 (2000), 115-134; B. E. Schaefer, ‘The Latitude of the Observer of the Almagest Star Catalogue’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 32 (2001), 1-42; D. W. Duke, ‘Associations between the Ancient Star Catalogues’, Archive for History of Exact Sciences 56 (2002), 435-450; D. W. Duke, ‘Dating the Almagest Star Catalogue Using Proper Motions: A Reconsideration’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 33 (2002), 45-55; H. R. Dobler, ‘The Dating of Ptolemy’s Star Catalogue’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 33 (2002), 265-277; D. W. Duke, ‘The Depth of Association between the Ancient Star Catalogues’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 34 (2003), 227-230; E. Wright, ‘Visualization of the Almagest Star Catalogue’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 38 (2007), 222-226; F. Verbunt, R. H. van Gent, ‘The Star Catalogues of Ptolemaios and Ulugh Beg. Machine-readable Versions and Comparison with the Modern HIPPARCOS Catalogue’, Astronomy & Astrophysics 544 (2012), A.31, 34 pp.; B. E. Schaefer, ‘The Thousand Star Magnitudes in the Catalogues of Ptolemy, Al Sufi, and Tycho Are All Corrected for Atmospheric Extinction’, Journal for the History of Astronomy 44 (2013), 47-91; C. Marx, ‘On the Making of Ptolemy’s Star Catalog’, Archive for History of Exact Sciences 75 (2021), 21-42. In Greek (Hellenistic/Byzantine) (see also C.1.30): J. Mogenet, L’introduction à l’Almageste, Bruxelles, 1956; J. Mogenet, ‘Sur quelques scholies de l’Almageste’, in Le monde grec. Pensée, littérature, histoire, documents. Hommages à Claire Préaux, eds J. Bingen, G. Cambier, G. Nachterhael, Bruxelles, 1975, 302-322; A. Jones, ‘Ptolemy’s First Commentator’, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series 80 (1990),
Modern ed.
The editio princeps of the Greek text was prepared by Simon Grynaeus, who published it on Johannes Walderus’s press in Basel in 1538, together with an appended part containing Theon of Alexandria’s commentary on the Almagest, whose edition had been prepared by Joachim Camerarius (VD16 P 5200). The exemplar used for the Almagest is now MS Paris, BnF, gr. 2393 (see J. L. Heiberg, Claudii Ptolemaei opera quae exstant omnia, II: Opera astronomica minora, Leipzig, 1907,