PAL

Ptolemaeus Arabus et Latinus

_ (the underscore) is the placeholder for exactly one character.
% (the percent sign) is the placeholder for no, one or more than one character.
%% (two percent signs) is the placeholder for no, one or more than one character, but not for blank space (so that a search ends at word boundaries).

At the beginning and at the end, these placeholders are superfluous.

Work C.1.2

Geber
Liber super Almagesti

Jābir ibn Aflaḥ’s al-Kitāb fī l-Hayʾa (‘Book of Astronomy’) – better known in modern scholarship as Iṣlāḥ al-Majisṭī (‘Correction of the Almagest’) – translated by Gerard of Cremona. This text is a new edition of the Almagest in nine books as follows: trigonometry (Book I); spherical astronomy (II = Almagest I-II); Sun (III = Almagest III); Moon (IV = Almagest IV-V.10); description of an observational instrument, parallaxes, distances and eclipses (V = Almagest V.11-VI]; fixed stars (VI = Almagest VII-VIII); planetary spheres (VII = Almagest IX-XI); retrogradation (VIII = Almagest XII); and planetary latitudes (IX = Almagest XIII). The work includes criticism of Ptolemy on several points (see also C.1.18). Geber’s Liber super Almagesti gave rise to a supercommentary (C.1.6) and was used as a source in commentaries C.1.3 and C.1.21.

Note Four manuscripts (Dresden, SLUB, Db. 87; Vatican, BAV, Vat. lat. 2059; Vienna, ÖNB, 5392; Vienna, ÖNB, 10905) have a short appendix on spherical trigonometry, which is essentially a commentary on I.13-14: ‘Nota in figura tredecima libri primi Geber quod arcus AG subtensus recto potest esse quarta circuli In eadem figura potest contingere quod uterque duorum arcuum AG AB sit maior quarta circuli et quod uterque sit minor, sed Geber’. This appendix breaks off mid-sentence but it is found in a longer – and no doubt original – version in three manuscripts which do not have Geber’s text (Paris, BnF, lat. 7377B, f. 41r-42v; Madrid, BN, 10010, s. XIII, f. 51v-52r; and Vatican, BAV, Reg. lat. 1268, s. XIV, f. 210r-210v) among a substantial set of notes discussing various texts, including Theodosius’s Spherica, Geber’s Liber super Almagesti, Menelaus’s Spherica and Ametus filius Josephi’s Liber de proportione et proportionalitate (these notes appear most complete in Paris, BnF, lat. 7377B, f. 38r-60v: ‘Hec probationes sunt necessarie in theoremate undecimo partis secunde libri Theodosii de speris…’; and only partial in Madrid, BN, 10010, f. 50v-52v; and Vatican, BAV, Reg. lat. 1268, f. 207v-211v). This appendix is discussed and edited by Lorch, ‘Jābir ibn Aflaḥ’ (1995), 12-20 (15-18 for the edition, where the longer form includes the three final chapters numbered 14(iii)-14(v)). In Vienna, ÖNB, 5392 and Vienna, ÖNB, 10905, the appendix is followed by an additional chapter on VII.14 (‘Nota in figura decima quarta septimi libri Geber quod centrum orbis signorum potest esse infra triangulum ad dyametrum circuli ABG quod proponebatur’) and by further notes on various chapters (‘Annotationes in Gebrum. Textus fo. 1. Et de eis. Prima difficultas propter narrationem prachticae et theorice orbe signorum aliud est solus meridiem ab eo’), as already noted by Lorch, ‘Jābir ibn Aflaḥ’ (1995), 14.

Text ‘(Cesena, BCM, Plut. S.XXVII.2) (1ra-3ra) [preface] Verba Geber filii Afla Yspalensis. Scientia species habet quarum melior post scientiam fidei — cuius socius non est. Et hinc incipio premittere illa quorum premissio necessaria est. (3ra-19rab) [book i] Tractatus primus de propositionibus huius libri vel theorematibus. Et incipiamus exponere intentiones nominum usitatorum in eo, dico ergo polus circuli — per illam quantitatem, et illud est cuius voluimus declarationem. Explicitus est tractatus primus. (19rb-36ra) [book ii] Initium tractatus secundi de ordinibus specierum huius scientie. Inquit Ptholomeus primum a quo nos oportet incipere in hoc libro est consideratio in summa dispositionis totius terre apud totum celum — et sinus arcus eius est notus, ergo ipse est notus, et illud est quod voluimus. Finit tractatus secundus huius libri. (36ra-43ra) [book iii] Incipit tractatus tertius huius libri in motu Solis medio. Et postquam declaratum est illud cuius demontratio precessit de istis scientiis particularibus — dies equales ad dies diversos, et illud est quod voluimus declarare. Completus est tractatus 3 huius libri. (43ra-57ra) [book iv] Initium tractatus quarti in Luna. Et postquam declaratum est ei totum quod premissum est de esse Solis, possibile est ei inquirere de re Lune — diametri orbis revolutionis, et illud est cuius voluimus declarationem. Finit tractatus quartus huius libri. (57ra-78rb) [book v] Initium tractatus quinti in acceptione instrumenti quo scitur diversitas aspectus Lune. Et propterea quod non est quantitas spere terre apud speram orbis Lune — ergo longitudo puncti L ab illo puncto est nota, et illud est cuius voluimus declarationem. Expletus est tractatus quintus huius libri. (78rb-95ra) [book vi] Incipit tractatus secundus (!) de stellis fixis. Quod stelle fixe sunt commitantes proprietates suorum locorum cum quantitate spatii unius semper inter se ad invicem. (78va) Inquid Ptolomeus: Et postquam narravimus in eis que precedunt hunc sermonem illud quod accidit in spera recta — qualiter inveniantur quantitates eorum in fine libri in stellis currentibus secundum rectitudinem. Finitus est tractatus sextus. (95ra-115rb) [book vii] Incipit tractatus septimus in stellis <quinque> currentibus. Et quia ostensum fuit ei totum cuius precessit declaratio de esse Solis et Lune et stellarum fixarum — et Martis super sedecim quadraginta Cancri. Expletus est tractatus septimus huius libri. (115rb-123ra) [book viii] incipit tractatus octavus in statione stellarum quinque et earum retrogradatione. Propterea quod vir rememoratus est inventionis stationis stellarum secundum quod non sit ei nisi diversitas — super punctum L positum singulariter. Completa est eius declaratio. Completus est tractatus octavus. (123ra-134ra) [book ix] Incipit tractatus nonus in latitudinibus planetarum. Et propterea quod remanserunt de scientia stellarum quinque hesitantium due res — sunt digniores et evanescant et destruantur. Completa est eius declaratio. Completus est tractatus nonus et est ultimus libri. Hunc librum Geber transtulit in Toleto magister Gerardus Cremonensis de Arabico in Latinum.’

Bibl. J.-B.-J. Delambre, Histoire de l’astronomie du Moyen Age, Paris, 1819, 179-185; M. Steinschneider, Zur Pseudepigraphischen Literatur insbesondere der geheimen Wissenschaften des Mittelalters aus hebräischen und arabischen Quellen, Berlin, 1862, 70-73; F. Wüstenfeld, Die Übersetzungen Arabischer Werke in das Lateinische seit dem XI. Jahrhundert, Göttingen, 1877, 64 (no. 24); M. Steinschneider, Die hebraeischen Uebersetzungen des Mittelalters und die Juden als Dolmetscher. Ein Beitrag zur Literaturgeschichte des Mittelalters, Berlin, 1893, II, 543-544; M. Steinschneider, Die europäischen Übersetzungen aus dem Arabischen bis Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts, Wien, 1904, 20 (no. 42); F. J. Carmody, Arabic Astronomical and Astrological Sciences in Latin Translation. A Critical Bibliography, Berkeley-Los Angeles, 1956, 163-164 (no. 1: ‘Elementa astronomica’); R. Lorch, Jābir ibn Aflaḥ and His Influence in the West, PhD dissertation, University of Manchester, 1970; R. Lorch, ‘The Astronomy of Jābir b. Aflāḥ’, Centaurus 19 (1975), 85-107 (reprinted in R. Lorch, Arabic Mathematical Sciences. Instruments, Texts, Transmission, Farnham-Burlington, 1995, VI); R. Lorch, ‘The Astronomical Instruments of Jābir ibn Aflaḥ and the Torquetum’, Centaurus 20 (1976), 11-34 (reprinted in R. Lorch, Arabic Mathematical Sciences. Instruments, Texts, Transmission, Farnham-Burlington, 1995, XVI); H. Hugonnard Roche, ‘La théorie astronomique selon Jabir ibn Aflah’, History of Oriental Astronomy (IAU Colloquium 91), Cambridge, 1987, 207-208; N. M. Swerdlow, ‘Jābir ibn Aflaḥ’s Interesting Method for Finding the Eccentricities and Direction of the Apsidal Line of a Superior Planet’, in From Deferent to Equant: A Volume of Studies in the History of Science in the Ancient and Medieval Near East in Honor of E.S. Kennedy, eds D. A. King, G. Saliba, New York, 1987, 501-512; R. Lorch, ‘The Manuscripts of Jābir ibn Aflaḥ’s Treatise’, in R. Lorch, Arabic Mathematical Sciences. Instruments, Texts, Transmission, Farnham-Burlington, 1995, VII; R. Lorch, ‘Jābir ibn Aflaḥ and the Establishment of Trigonometry in the West’, in R. Lorch, Arabic Mathematical Sciences. Instruments, Texts, Transmission, Farnham-Burlington, 1995, VIII; C. Burnett, ‘The Coherence of the Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century’, Science in Context 14 (2001), 249-288: 278 (no. 24) (reprinted in C. Burnett, Arabic into Latin in the Middle Ages. The Translators and their Intellectual and Social Context, Farnham-Burlington, 2009, VII); J. Samsό, ‘Ibn al-Haytham and Jābir b. Aflaḥ’s Criticism of Ptolemy’s Determination of the Parameters of Mercury’, Suhayl 2 (2001), 199-225 (reprinted in J. Samsό, Astrometeorologίa y astrologίa medievales, Barcelona, 2008, II, VII); J. Bellver, ‘Jābir b. Aflaḥ on the Four-Eclipse Method for Finding the Lunar Period in Anomaly’, Suhayl 6 (2006), 159-248; J. Bellver, Críticas a Ptolomeo en el s. XII: El caso del Iṣlāḥ al-Maŷisṭī de Ŷābir b. Aflaḥ, PhD dissertation, Universitat de Barcelona, 2007; J. Bellver, ‘Jābir b. Aflaḥ en torno a la inclinación de los eclipses en el horizonte’, Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Sciences 57 (2007), 2-25; J. Bellver, ‘Jābir b. Aflaḥ on Lunar Eclipses’, Suhayl 8 (2008), 47-91; J. Bellver, ‘On Jābir b. Aflāḥ’s Criticism of Ptolemy’s Almagest’, in A shared Legacy. Islamic Science East and West. Homage to Professor J. M. Millàs Villacrosa, eds E. Calvo Labarta et al., Barcelona, 2008, 181-189; J. Bellver, ‘Jābir b. Aflaḥ on the Lunar Eccentricity and Prosneusis at Syzygies’, Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften 18 (2008-2009), 213-239; J. Bellver, ‘El lugar del Iṣlāḥ al-Maŷisṭī de Ŷābir b. Aflaḥ en la llamada «Rebelión andalusí contra la astronomía ptolemaica»’, Al-Qanṭara 30 (2009), 83-136; J. Bellver, ‘Jābir b. Aflaḥ on the Limits of Solar and Lunar Eclipses’, SCIAMVS 12 (2011), 3-27; J. Bellver, ‘Ŷābir b. Aflaḥ en la leyenda de Sevilla’, Archivo Hispalense 95 (2012), 41-53; H. Zepeda, The Medieval Latin Transmission of the Menelaus Theorem, PhD dissertation, University of Oklahoma at Norman, 2013, 105-128; M. J. Parra, ‘A Previously Unnoticed Appendix in the Iṣlāh al-Majisṭī by Jābir ibn Aflaḥ’, Suhayl 15 (2016-2017), 113-128; J. Bellver, ‘The Arabic Versions of Jābir b. Aflaḥ’s al-Kitāb fī l-Hayʾa’, in Ptolemy’s Science of the Stars in the Middle Ages, eds D. Juste, B. van Dalen, D. N. Hasse, C. Burnett, Turnhout, 2020, 181-199; J. L. Berggren, ‘What Every Young Astronomer Needs to Know about Spherical Astronomy: Jābir ibn Aflaḥ’s “Preliminaries” to his Improvement of the Almagest’, in Instruments – Observations – Theories. Studies in the History of Astronomy in Honor of James Evans, eds A. Jones, C. Carman, 2020, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3928498, 239-259; Y. T. Langermann, ‘Revamping Ptolemy’s Proof for the Sphericity of the Heavens: Three Arabic Commentaries on Almagest I.3’, in Ptolemy’s Science of the Stars in the Middle Ages, eds D. Juste, B. van Dalen, D. N. Hasse, C. Burnett, Turnhout, 2020, 159-180: 167-172; J. Samsó, On Both Sides of the Strait of Gibraltar. Studies in the History of Medieval Astronomy in the Iberian Peninsula and the Maghrib, Leiden-Boston, 2020, 508-516.

Modern ed. None. The Arabic text has been partly edited by Bellver, Críticas.

EDS
MSS